Which of the following forces acts on a chip in orthogonal metal cutting but cannot be directly measured during an operation?

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In the context of orthogonal metal cutting, the chip experiences several forces, including friction force, shear force, and the normal force to friction. While each of these forces plays a significant role in the cutting process, their measurement during machining can be challenging.

The friction force affects the interaction between the chip and the cutting tool, impacting the quality of the machined surface and tool wear. The shear force is primarily responsible for the deformation of the material being cut, leading to chip formation. The normal force to friction provides resistance against the tool's cutting action and plays a role in the overall cutting dynamics.

However, these forces cannot be directly measured during the operation due to the complexity of cutting conditions and the environment in which they occur. Typically, measurements taken during cutting operations might include cutting forces, but they don’t provide isolated readings for the friction, shear, or normal forces separately. Instead, they are often inferred from model-based calculations or indirect measurements.

Hence, it is correct to identify that all these forces—friction force, shear force, and normal force to friction—act on the chip during orthogonal metal cutting but cannot be directly observed in the process of machining.

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